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*** 2/17/25   Debian  
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  2/17/25                                            
   
  home
  Releases Info uname -a du -h --apparent-size /mnt/user/webs/
  Install / Debian lsb_release -a du -h  /mnt/user/webs/
  nano cat /etc/os-release sudo du -h --max-depth=1 / | sort -h
  Tweaks --> hostnamectl df -h /mnt/user/webs
  Pkg Mgt $ echo $XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP
  MX dos2unix rsync-webs.sh
  FAQ
  Linux mount                         .
    ls -l  /dev/disk/by-uuid /etc/fstab  (make a bak copy of this file, then edit the new file)  
      by-id   put on the bottom of the file  
          …   …   …  
      by-path   UUID=8b745b70-7522-4b69-b94e-c143a9b6d9d2    /mnt/FreeAgent    ext4    defaults     0   2
       
      and then reboot  
                           
   
                                 
      Mounting a Flash drive      
    ls -l  /dev/disk/by-label by-id Automount    umount   /dev/sde1  
      by-path /run/media/mdh/FreeAgent mkdir /mnt/TFLASH   
      by-uuid mount -t ntfs-3g,uid=mdh,gid=mdh   /dev/sde1   /mnt/TFLASH  
       
      FreeAgent -->  ../../sdd1 Mounting an ext4 drive Mounting a NTFS drive    
      TFLASH -->   ../../sde1 umount /dev/sdb1 umount  /dev/sdd1  
      mount   /dev/sdb1  /mnt/FreeAgent mkdir /mnt/FreeAgent  
      mount -t ntfs-3g  /dev/sdd1  /mnt/FreeAgent  
                                 
   
   
   
    Plex drive mappings unRaid
    1 Movies /home/nfs/plex/movies cp -r /var/www/html/plex-media/movies/ /home/nfs/plex/ /mnt/user/Plex-Media/movies
                    cd /var/www/html/plex-media -----> rm -r movies
    2 TV Shows /home/nfs/plex/TV_shows
                   
    3 Music /home/nfs/plex/music cp -r /var/www/html/plex-media/music/  /home/nfs/plex/ /mnt/user/Plex-Media/music
          /var/www/html/plex-media/music     cd /var/www/html/plex-media -----> rm -r music
    4 Home Pictures (slides) /home/nfs/plex/Pictures cp -r /var/www/html/plex-media/Pictures/  /home/nfs/plex/ /mnt/user/Plex-Media/Pictures
                    cd /var/www/html/plex-media -----> rm -r Pictures
    5 Home Videos /home/nfs/plex/home_videos cp -r /var/www/html/plex-media/home_videos/ /home/nfs/plex/ /mnt/user/Plex-Media/home_videos
                   
   
   
    NFS share (as root)
    UnRaid T30
    @T30 --->  #   mount   192.168.0.17:/mnt/user/Plex-Media     /home/nfs/plex          
            LXC            
    @Plex-LXC  --->  #   mount  192.168.0.17:/mnt/user/Plex-Media      /mnt/Media nfs vers=3,nouser,atime,auto,retrans=2,rw,dev,exec 0 0
                         
     
    To check share -->  #   mount 192.168.0.17:/mnt/user/Plex-Media on /home/nfs/plex type nfs4
       (rw,relatime,vers=4.2,rsize=1048576,wsize=1048576,namlen=255,hard,proto=tcp,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,clienta.168.0.67,local_lock=none,addr=192.168.0.17)
                                           
   
   
   
    Firewall https://www.server-world.info/query?os=Fedora_27&p=initial_conf&f=2 ufw
                                        sudo ufw status verbose If it says inactive, UFW is turned off
      Note: Fedora 18 introduced firewalld as a replacement for the previous iptables service   sudo ufw disable temporarily stop the firewall
      Although firewalld is a replacement for the firewall management provided by iptables service,  
         it still uses the iptables command for dynamic communication with the kernel packet filter (netfilter).   sudo apt remove ufw uninstall and remove all rules
      So it is only the iptables service that is replaced, not the iptables command.   sudo apt purge ufw
        sudo ufw status It should return "command not found" if successfully removed.
      Cur: Fed 27 systemctl status firewalld 1
      systemctl start firewalld.service Start the firewall 2 sudo ufw allow 22/tcp Allow SSH (important!) Before enabling UFW, make sure to allow SSH so you don’t get locked out:
      systemctl enable firewalld.service Enable firewall startup on boot-up 3 sudo ufw allow icmp
      firewall-cmd --get-default-zone ip.67 ip.68 ip.69 4 sudo ufw allow 80/tcp   # Allow HTTP
      firewall-cmd --get-active-zone vnc 5900 5900 5900 5 sudo ufw allow 443/tcp  # Allow HTTPS
      firewall-cmd --permanent  --add-port=5900/tcp ftp 21150 default -----> 6
      firewall-cmd --permanent   --add-port=8067/tcp http 8067 8068 8069 7 sudo ufw enable
      firewall-cmd --permanent  --add-service=samba ssh 8267 8268 8269 8
      firewall-cmd --reload copy permanent config to running config 9 # iptables -L
      firewall-cmd --permanent --list-all verify 10
      systemctl status firewalld verify 11
                                       
   
   
   
    How to set up local hostname resolution so you can SSH into those machines by name (ie  ssh dell-t30)
   
    There are two main ways to handle this.
   
    1 The Local "Hosts" File (Fastest)  
    sudo nano /etc/hosts
    192.168.1.10  dell-t30
    192.168.1.11  precision-t3610
    192.168.1.12  pi4-server
    Now you can simply run ssh dell-t30 or open http://dell-t30 in your browser.
   
    2 Avahi/mDNS (Automatic)     This allows devices to "broadcast" their names on the local network automatically.
    Most Debian installs have this, but you can ensure it's running on your servers:
    sudo apt install avahi-daemon -y Install Avahi on the target server (e.g., the Dell T30)
    hostname Check your hostname
    sudo hostnamectl set-hostname dell-t30 Change your hostname, if desired.
    From any other computer on your network, you can now reach it by adding .local to the name:
    ping dell-t30.local
   
    3 Local DNS (The Professional Way)   Since you have a Raspberry Pi 4, many people in your shoes run Pi-hole or AdGuard Home.
    These tools act as your network's DNS server.
    ou can go into the "Local DNS Records" section of the dashboard and map t30.home to 192.168.0.x
    This works for every device in the house (including your Pixel 9 Pro XL) without editing individual files.
   
   
    /etc/fstab configuration lines to auto-mount a SMB share on boot-up
    is the best way to ensure your unRaid shares are waiting for you every time you boot your Debian Trixie machine.
   
    Automounting SMB (Recommended)
    1 nano ~/.unraidcreds Create a credentials file:
    username=your_unraid_user
    password=your_unraid_password
   
    chmod 600 ~/.unraidcreds secure the file.
   
    sudo nano /etc/fstab open this file, and add this line at the bottom:
   
    //192.168.0.17/webs /home/smb/ cifs credentials=/home/mdh/.unraidcreds,iocharset=utf8,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0
   
    id Check Your IDs
    sudo systemctl daemon-reload reload fstab
    sudo mount -a
    ls -ld /home/smb/webs The output should show your Debian username and group (e.g., mdh mdh).
    If it says root root, the uid and gid flags in your /etc/fstab didn't apply correctly, and you’ll likely have trouble saving files.
   
    touch /home/smb/webs/testfile2.txt The absolute proof of write access is creating a dummy file.
   
    Common "Permission Denied" Fixes If you can see the files but can't create testfile.txt, check these three things:
    1 unRaid Share Settings: Go to the unRaid WebGUI -> Shares -> Click your share. Ensure SMB Security Settings is set to "Private" and your specific User has Read/Write permissions.
    2 The fstab line: Double-check that uid=1000,gid=1000 matches exactly what you found in the previous step using the id command.
    3 The Credentials: Ensure the username in .smbcredentials is the same one you gave permissions to in the unRaid WebGUI.
   
   
    how to create a desktop shortcut (symlink) so you can access this folder easily from your Home directory?
   
    Since /home/smb/webs is tucked away in the system's root directory, it’s a bit of a trek to click through your file manager every time you want to save a file. 
    Creating a symbolic link (symlink) makes the network share appear as if it’s a folder right inside your Home directory.
   
    How to Create the Symlink
    Open your terminal and run the following command (replace unraid_files with whatever name you want the folder to have):
   
    ln -s /home/smb/webs ~/webs
   
    What This Does
    Access: You can now go to /home/mdh/webs and see all your unRaid data.
    Convenience: All your Linux apps (like VLC, LibreOffice, or GIMP) will see this as a local folder, making it much easier to open and save files.
    Visuals: In your file manager (Nautilus, Nemo, or Thunar), the folder will usually have a small "arrow" icon on it, indicating it’s a shortcut to the actual mount point.
   
    Pro-Tip: Adding to Sidebar
    Most Linux file managers allow you to "Bookmark" a folder.
    1 Open your file manager.
    2 Navigate to your new unraid_files folder in your Home directory.
    3 Drag and drop that folder into the left-hand sidebar under "Bookmarks" or "Places."
   
    Troubleshooting the "Broken Link"
    If you ever see the folder icon turn into a red "X" or it says "Link target does not exist," it usually means:
    The unRaid server is offline.
    The drive didn't mount properly at boot (you can fix this by running sudo mount -a).
   
    how to set up a "systemd automount" the connection only stays active when you are actually using the folder
    This is great for keeping your system snappy and preventing hangs if the server goes to sleep.
    This is the "pro way" to handle network mounts.
   
    Traditional /etc/fstab mounts happen at boot—if your unRaid server is asleep or your network isn't ready yet, your Debian PC might hang for 90 seconds while it waits for a response.
    Systemd automount only connects when you actually try to open the folder. If you aren't using the files, the connection stays idle.
   
    1 Modify your /etc/fstab We need to add two specific "mount options" to your existing SMB line.
    sudo nano /etc/fstab
    //192.168.0.17/webs /home/smb/webs cifs credentials=/home/mdh/.unraidcreds,iocharset=utf8,uid=1000,gid=1000,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.idle-timeout=300 0 0
   
    What these do:
    x-systemd.automount Tells Debian "don't mount this at boot; wait until I click the folder."
    x-systemd.idle-timeout=300 Automatically disconnects the share if you haven't touched it for 5 minutes (300 seconds). 
    This is great for power saving and network hygiene.
   
    2 Refresh Systemd Since you've changed how the system handles the mount, you need to tell Debian to reload its configuration:
    sudo systemctl daemon-reload
    sudo systemctl restart mnt-unraid_smb.automount
   
    Note: Systemd converts path names like /mnt/unraid_smb into names like mnt-unraid_smb.automount.
    f your folder name is different, the command name will change accordingly.)
   
    3 Test it
    sudo umount /home/smb/webs Unmount everything: 
     df -h Check the status: You should not see your unRaid share listed.
    ls /home/smb/webs The Magic: Or open your symlink in the file manager.
     df -h Check again: You’ll see the share has "magically" appeared.
   
   
    Summary of your setup
    Protocol: SMB (Flexible and user-friendly).
    Security: Credentials stored in a hidden, locked-down file.
    Permissions: Mapped to your local Debian user (UID 1000).
    Access: Easy-to-use symlink in your Home directory.
    Efficiency: Systemd automounts/dismounts as needed.
   
    Your Final Working Setup
    To recap, you now have a "Pro-Tier" unRAID mount that handles all the common failure points:
    noserverino: Prevents "Stale File Handles" when unRAID moves files between drives.
    uid/gid=1000: Ensures your local user (mdh) owns the files, not root.
    .unraidcreds: Keeps your password out of the public-facing fstab file.
    _netdev: Prevents the computer from hanging if the Wi-Fi/Ethernet isn't ready yet during boot.
   
   
    rsync